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Numerical analysis of nonlinear dynamic behavior of earth dams

Babak EBRAHIMIAN

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第1期页码 24-40 doi: 10.1007/s11709-010-0082-6

摘要： A numerical study is conducted to investigate the dynamic behavior of earth dams. The numerical investigation employs a fully nonlinear dynamic finite difference analysis incorporating a simple elastic perfectly plastic constitutive model to describe the stress-strain response of the soil and the Rayleigh damping to increase the level of hysteretic damping. The extended Masing rules are implemented into the constitutive model to explain more accurately the soil response under general cyclic loading. The soil stiffness and hysteretic damping change with loading history. The procedures for calibrating the constructed numerical model with centrifuge test data and also a real case history are explained. For the latter, the Long Valley (LV) earth dam subjected to the 1980 Mammoth Lake earthquake as a real case-history is analyzed and the obtained numerical results are compared with the real measurements at the site in both the time and frequency domains. Relatively good agreement is observed between computed and measured quantities. It seems that the Masing rules combined with a simple elasto-plastic model gives reasonable numerical predictions. Afterwards, a comprehensive parametric study is carried out to identify the effects of dam height, input motion characteristics, soil behavior, strength of the shell materials and dam reservoir condition on the dynamic response of earth dams. Three real earthquake records with different levels and peak acceleration values (PGAs) are used as input motions. The results show that the crest acceleration decreases when the dam height increases and no amplification is observed. Further, more inelastic behavior and more earthquake energy absorption are observed in higher dams.

关键词： earth dam numerical nonlinear response dynamic analysis earthquake dam height

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In situ-based assessment of soil liquefaction potential–Case study of an earth dam in Tunisia

Ikram GUETTAYA,Mohamed Ridha EL OUNI

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2014年第8卷第4期页码 456-461 doi: 10.1007/s11709-014-0259-5

摘要： The present paper examines the evaluation of liquefaction potential of an earth dam foundation in Tunisia. The assessment of soil liquefaction was made using deterministic and probabilistic simplified procedures developed from several case histories. The data collected from the field investigation performed before and after the vibrocompaction are analyzed and the results are reported. The obtained results show that after vibrocompaction, a significant improvement of the soil resistance reduces the liquefaction potential of the sandy foundation. Indeed, in the untreated layers, the factor of safety drops below 1 which means that the soil is susceptible for liquefaction. However, in the compacted horizons, the values of exceed the unit which justifies the absence of liquefaction hazard of the foundation.

关键词： liquefaction cone penetration test (CPT) standard penetration test (SPT) vibrcompaction sand

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采用分布式光纤传感技术的土坝模型渗漏监测分析

朱萍玉,蒋桂林,冷元宝

《中国工程科学》 2011年第13卷第3期页码 82-85

摘要：

建立了采用分布式光纤传感技术的模拟堤坝渗漏监测系统，用来人工模拟土坝渗漏，并得到该种情况下测试光纤长度上的应变图，验证了采用分布式光纤传感技术监测土坝的可行性；运用ANSYS软件建立与试验模型相对应的有限元分析模型，通过选择合适单元，简化边界条件，对一定的工况进行加载分析，得出载荷与应变的关系，以及载荷与塌陷土层重量的关系。文中方法和结论有助于进一步定量研究土坝渗漏大小程度和光纤传感器的合适埋设深度。

关键词：光纤传感技术土坝模型监测应变 ANSYS

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硗碛水电站土石坝坝肩强风化岩体处理

王寿根

《中国工程科学》 2005年第7卷第3期页码 78-83

摘要：

硗碛水电站宽级配碎石土心墙堆石坝坝高123 m，坝肩两岸千枚岩、砂岩岩体强风化水平深度14.6～66.4 m，由于岩体强风化深度大，按规范开挖工程量巨大，故仅开挖至强风化上部（局部达强风化中部），突破该规范要求。文章详实论述了硗碛水电站坝肩强风化岩体处理方案、灌浆试验成果及工艺要求，论证了采用灌浆加固及防渗处理的可行性，提出了处理措施及施工控制标准。

关键词：硗碛水电站土石坝坝肩处理强风化岩体固结灌浆帷幕灌浆

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硗碛水电站大坝碎石土防渗料工程特性及土料设计

王寿根

《中国工程科学》 2004年第6卷第7期页码 88-93

摘要：

硗碛水电站大坝高123 m，采用宽级配碎石土作为高土石坝心墙防渗料。对全料场进行了大量的室内工程特性试验研究以论证使用该材料的可行性，提出了设计及施工控制标准；选用代表性土料通过现场碾压试验验证该控制标准的合理性；对坝体、坝基进行了整体三维应力应变和渗流计算，分析了各种材料控制标准的合理性和共同作用下大坝的安全性；详实论述了防渗料工程特性研究方法、过程、成果，提出了心墙防渗料设计及施工控制标准。

关键词：硗碛水电站宽级配碎石土防渗料工程特性碾压试验土料设计

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高土石坝安全建设重大技术问题

马洪琪, 迟福东

《工程（英文）》 2016年第2卷第4期页码 498-509 doi: 10.1016/J.ENG.2016.04.001

摘要：

土石坝由于对地基具有良好的适应性、能就地取材及充分利用建筑物开挖渣料、造价较低、水泥用量较少等优点，是西部地区一批拟建高坝的重点比选坝型。糯扎渡高心墙堆石坝的成功建设，解决了250 m 级土石坝重大关键技术难题。本文通过系统总结已建成的糯扎渡等高心墙堆石坝建设的经验，凝练高土石坝建设面临的变形控制、渗流控制、坝坡抗滑稳定、泄洪安全及控制、大坝安全建设与质量控制、安全评价及预警等关键科学技术问题，全面深入论述了已有的研究成果和基本结论，为未来300 m 级高土石坝建设提供参考和重要的技术支撑。

关键词：高土石坝安全建设重大技术问题

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高土石坝工程安全评价与预警信息管理系统

张宗亮,于玉贞,张丙印

《中国工程科学》 2011年第13卷第12期页码 33-37

摘要：

基于现场监测数据及先进的数值分析方法，建立土石坝全生命周期的工程安全评价及预警信息系统，是目前土石坝发展的必然趋势。以糯扎渡高心墙堆石坝为依托，开发了理论严密、方法先进且可靠实用的大坝工程安全评价与预警信息管理系统。该系统由系统管理模块、安全指标模块、监测数据与工程信息模块、数值计算模块、反演分析模块、安全预警与应急预案模块和数据库及管理模块共7个模块构成。其中，数值计算和反演分析模块可利用所取得的坝体监测数据，进行渗流、大坝应力变形、坝体裂缝、地震动力反应和坝坡稳定等土石坝关键计算分析，是本系统的核心部分。利用工程前期已经取得的坝体变形监测数据，对坝体进行了变形反演分析并对大坝关键时间结点的形态进行了预测分析。

关键词：糯扎渡水电站大坝安全评价预警信息管理系统反演分析

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土石方动态调配模型与可视化研究

胡程顺,钟登华,张静,洪文,李明超

《中国工程科学》 2003年第5卷第12期页码 73-79

摘要：

土石方调配是土石坝或堆石坝施工中的一个核心问题，其合理与否对降低工程造价和保证工程的顺利进行具有重要的经济、技术价值。根据其受时间-空间影响与约束的特点，文章在总结现有研究成果的基础上，采用系统分析的手段，提出了一种将动态问题静态化的方法，并利用线性规划大M单纯形法对问题进行求解。在数学模型上，深入而细致地考虑了实际施工中的一些人为约束因素，增强了模型的通用性与灵活性；借助于GIS技术的强大空间信息处理功能，将土石方调配成果以三维动画的形式显示出来，以达到形象直观的目的；在程序实现上，采用强大的程序设计语言工具VC++开发出了界面友好、操作简单、适用性强的软件。最后，以其在某大型土石坝工程土石方调配项目中的成功应用，验证了此项研究工作的合理性与优越性。

关键词：土石坝施工土石方调配动态调配线性规划可视化

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Effect of earth reinforcement, soil properties and wall properties on bridge MSE walls

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第5期页码 1209-1221 doi: 10.1007/s11709-021-0764-2

摘要： Mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) retaining walls are popular for highway bridge structures. They have precast concrete panels attached to earth reinforcement. The panels are designed to have some lateral movement. However, in some cases, excessive movement and even complete dislocation of the panels have been observed. In this study, 3-D numerical modeling involving an existing MSE wall was undertaken to investigate various wall parameters. The effects of pore pressure, soil cohesion, earth reinforcement type and length, breakage/slippage of reinforcement and concrete strength, were examined. Results showed that the wall movement is affected by soil pore pressure and reinforcement integrity and length, and unaffected by concrete strength. Soil cohesion has a minor effect, while the movement increased by 13–20 mm for flexible geogrid reinforced walls compared with the steel grid walls. The steel grid stresses were below yielding, while the geogrid experienced significant stresses without rupture. Geogrid reinforcement may be used taking account of slippage resistance and wall movement. If steel grid is used, non-cohesive soil is recommended to minimize corrosion. Proper soil drainage is important for control of pore pressure.

关键词： mechanically stabilized earth walls precast concrete panels backfill soil finite element modeling earth reinforcement

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Long-term dam safety monitoring of Punt dal Gall arch dam in Switzerland

M. WIELAND, G.F. KIRCHEN

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第1期页码 76-83 doi: 10.1007/s11709-012-0144-z

摘要： The 130 m high Punt dal Gall dam is located at the Swiss-Italian border in the South-eastern part of Switzerland and was completed in 1969. The dam is founded on highly folded and partially crushed dolomite and limestone formations. A grout curtain with an area of 120,000 m was provided for controlling seepage. For the monitoring of the dam deformations five inverted pendulums were installed in the dam and three in the rock foundation of the right abutment outside of the dam. For a seasonal water level fluctuation in the reservoir of about 60 m the maximum amplitude of the radial displacement is 25 mm, which includes both the effects of the water load and temperature effects. Furthermore a comprehensive geodetic network was established, 57 joint meters were installed and cracks in the crest gallery are monitored by crack meters. There are also thermometers, piezometers and rocmeters. Springs at the left and right banks of the dam are monitored and chemical analyses of the seepage water and springs are performed regularly. The dam is equipped with strong motion instruments and several near-field earthquakes have been recorded in the past. The paper describes the long-term safety monitoring of this 42 years old arch dam. A short description of the Swiss practice in dam safety monitoring and emergency planning is also given.

关键词： dam safety concept arch dam dam instrumentation dam safety monitoring

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我国高坝建设和科技攻关

陈宗梁

《中国工程科学》 2000年第2卷第12期页码 84-89

摘要：

介绍了我国大坝建设的发展和特点，概括了高坝建设中的地质勘探、坝工技术、泄洪消能、坝基处理和髙边坡处理等方面的科技成果和应用水平，展望了我国高坝发展前景并指出今后高坝科技攻关重点。

关键词：水力发电高坝重力坝拱坝碾压混凝土坝面板堆石坝

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Features of seismic hazard in large dam projects and strong motion monitoring of large dams

Martin WIELAND,

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第1期页码 56-64 doi: 10.1007/s11709-010-0005-6

摘要： Earthquakes can affect large dam projects in many different ways. Usually, design engineers are focussing on ground shaking and neglect the other aspects. The May 12, 2008 Wenchuan earthquake has damaged 1803 dams and reservoirs, and 403 hydropower plants with an installed capacity of 3.3GW. Among these dams were the 132-m-high Shapai RCC arch dam and the 156-m-high Zipingpu concrete face rockfill dam. These recently completed dams are dam types which, up to now, have not experienced strong ground shaking. The widespread mass movements have caused substantial damage to dams and surface powerhouses in Sichuan. The different features of earthquake hazard are presented, i.e., ground shaking, faulting and mass movements. It is proposed to prepare project-specific safety plans for all dams, which consist of a matrix where the possible hazards and the corresponding countermeasures are listed. The earthquake behaviors of the Sefid Rud, Zipingpu and Shapai dams, which, in the past, have experienced strong ground shaking from nearby earthquakes, are discussed. Finally, the need for strong motion instrumentation of large dams is discussed. It is proposed that major dams with large damage potential, dams located in areas of high seismicity, and dams showing signs of abnormal behavior be equipped with strong motion instruments.

关键词： seismic hazard arch dam concrete face rockfill dam strong motion instrumentation reservoir-triggered seismicity Wenchuan earthquake

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Key problems and solutions in arch dam heightening

Zuoguang FU, Yunlong HE, Sheng SU

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第1期页码 98-104 doi: 10.1007/s11709-010-0004-7

摘要： The dam heightening, which is an effective way to increase reservoir volume, has been paid close attention by engineers. Three problems should be dealt with when an arch dam needs to be heightened: stress state getting worse at dam heel, cracking on new added concrete dam surface, and weak bonding between new added concrete and old dam. Taking Geba arch dam as an example, these problems are examined in details through simulation analysis by the finite element method. The tensile stresses on dam’s surface and joint face that have certain relations to the dam heightening can be controlled by some measures.

关键词： arch dam heighten tensile stress finite element method

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Deviation correction strategy for the earth pressure balance shield based on shield–soil interactions

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第17卷第2期 doi: 10.1007/s11465-022-0676-4

摘要： The control system presently used in shield posture rectification is based on driver experience, which is marginally reliable. The study of the related theory is flawed. Therefore, a decision-making approach for the deviation correction trajectory and posture rectification load for an earth pressure balance (EPB) shield is proposed. A calculation model of posture rectification load of an EPB shield is developed by considering the interactions among the cutter head, shield shell, and ground. The additional position change during the shield attitude correction is highlighted. The posture rectification loads and shield behaviors results can be solved by the proposed method. The influences of the stratum distribution (i.e., bedrock height in the upper-soft and lower-hard strata) on shield behaviors and posture rectification loads are analyzed. Results indicated that the increase of pitch angle in the upper-soft and lower-hard strata causes a sharp rise in vertical displacement. The bedrock height increases the magnitudes of the required posture rectification moments when h_r/D > 0.5. For a tunnel with h_r/D ≤ 0.5, the variation of h_r/D has little effect on the posture rectification moments. Finally, the posture rectifying curves based on the theoretical model are compared with the target ones based on the double circular arc interpolation method. The required results can be obtained regardless of the soil–rock compound stratum distribution. The maximum rectification moment in the rock layer is almost 12.6 times that in the soil layer. Overall, this study provides a valuable reference for moment determination and the trajectory prediction of posture rectification in compound strata.

关键词： additional position change deviation correction trajectory earth pressure balance shield mechanical model posture rectification

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Influence of soft rock-fill material as dam embankment with central bituminous concrete membrane

Peter TSCHERNUTTER

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第1期页码 63-70 doi: 10.1007/s11709-010-0016-3

摘要： This paper demonstrates the difficulties in determining the relevant material parameters for a valuation of the deformation behavior of the up- and downstream dam shell by means of an embankment dam of medium height. Laboratory as well as field tests on solid rock-fill material were performed before the beginning of construction. During the construction the properties of the available rock-fill changed from solid to soft materials. This gave rise to the necessity of adjusting the dam design of the downstream dam shoulder. Several times higher dam settlements as well as significant differential settlements between the up- and downstream dam shell were observed during construction and operation. Apart from this situation, the dam has been operated for nearly 20 years and the behavior of the water barrier has been very good.

关键词： embankment dam bituminous concrete membrane rock-fill material properties deformation behavior